🚜 Farm Machinery

🔧 Engines

🛠️ Parts of an Engine and Their Functions

• 🔩 Cylinder: The chamber where the fuel-air mixture is compressed and combusted.
• 🔄 Pistons: Compress the fuel-air mixture in the cylinder and transmit power to the crankshaft by moving up and down.
• 🔗 Connecting Rods: Connect the piston to the crankshaft and convert the up-and-down movement of the piston into rotary motion.
• ⚙️ Crankshaft: Changes the up-and-down movement of the piston into rotary motion, transmitting power to the differential gear.
• 🔧 Camshaft: Controls the opening and closing of the engine's valves.
• 🔑 Valves: Open and close to control the passage leading to the engine cylinder.
• 💡 Sparking Plugs: Ignite the fuel-air mixture in petrol engines.

⚙️ Working of Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke Petrol Engines

🔄 Two-Stroke Engine: Completes a power cycle in two strokes of the piston (one up and one down). The cycle includes compression and power strokes in a simplified design that allows for faster operation.

🔁 Four-Stroke Engine: Completes a power cycle in four strokes of the piston (intake, compression, power, and exhaust). It provides more efficient fuel usage and a smoother operation.

⚖️ Differences Between Petrol and Diesel Engines

• 🏗️ Material: Petrol engines are made of lighter metals, while diesel engines are made of heavier metals.
• 🔧 Component: Petrol engines have a carburettor; diesel engines have an injector pump.
• ⚡ Ignition System: Petrol engines use spark plugs; diesel engines use injectors.
• 🌬️ Induction Process: Petrol engines suck in a fuel/air mixture; diesel engines suck in air only.

🛠️ Maintenance of Engines

🔍 Maintenance of the Main Systems of an Engine

• ✅ Ensure the fuel tank is filled with the correct fuel.
• 💧 Top up the radiator with water.
• 🧼 Clean the fuel filter bowl to remove dirt.
• 🔒 Check that the fan belt is tight.
• 🛢️ Check the oil level in the engine and top up if necessary.
• 🛢️ Check the oil level in the air cleaner and top up if necessary.
• 🧴 Grease all the greasing points using a grease gun.
• 🔩 Check wheel nuts and other fittings to ensure they are tight.

🛢️ Lubrication System of a Four-Stroke Petrol Engine

Lubrication involves keeping oil in the engine so that parts move easily against each other. A pump forces the oil to all necessary areas in the engine. Adequate lubrication is crucial for preventing friction and overheating.

⚡ Electrical System of a Petrol Engine

The electrical system includes components like the battery, starter motor, solenoid, coil, distributor, and spark plugs. These parts work together to start the engine and keep it running.

💧 Water and Air Cooling Systems of Engines

💦 Water Cooling: Large engines use water cooling. Water is circulated from a radiator through a sleeve around the engine to absorb heat. A fan cools the water in the radiator before it recirculates. If there is insufficient water, the engine may overheat.

🌬️ Air Cooling: Smaller engines often use air cooling, which relies on air circulation around the engine to dissipate heat.

🚜 Farm Mechanization

⚖️ Advantages and Disadvantages of Farm Mechanization

✅ Advantages:

• ⏰ Timely operations: Farm operations are completed on time.
• 🤲 Reduced labor: Makes work easier, reducing physical effort.
• 📈 Higher yields: Operations carried out efficiently lead to increased crop yields.
• 🌾 Large scale farming: Mechanization allows for the cultivation of large areas quickly.
• 👷 Labor shortage solutions: Useful during times of labor shortages, requiring fewer workers to operate.

❌ Disadvantages:

• 💰 High cost: Farm machinery and equipment are expensive.
• 📚 Skills required: Operators need knowledge and training to handle farm machinery.